ICONARCH International Congress of Architecture and Planning

Production of Space Through Action and Body in First Year Architectural Education

2022-06-21T19:10:31+00:00

The recent sociological and technological developments have considerably changed the way we deal with “space” as an architectural concept. It is not considered merely a physical state anymore since it has evolved into a concept also related to abstract properties obtained through life experiences. Similarly, designed space is a limit set for actions and users (body), and it should be considered together with other components. This notional transformation affects our perception of space, our production methods and inevitably the design of architectural education. At this point, the program to be followed in the first year of architecture departments, as an introduction to profession, is important since it might provide the very first environment where they learn how to make causal reasoning, how to question, how to be creative and how to look at life from a different perspective. The inclusion of new interpretations and productions of “space” and approaches accompanied with action and body interaction into first year programs of architecture departments enables students to make their unique and original interpretations about current architecture knowledge.

In this study, the approaches questioning the relationship between space and experience through body and action will be discussed in relation to the related studies within the scope of the first-year design studios at Eskisehir Technical University, Department of Architecture in 2018-2019 academic year. The scope of these practices include content through which one can produce interactive and experimental spaces that are in harmony with actions, question the role of body and allow flexible applications within the framework of an experienced space idea. How practices are constructed, learning processes and learning outcomes will be presented. In the light of the data obtained, ideas and approaches regarding the production of space will be questioned in the context of Bernard Tschumi's thoughts on the relationship between action, body and space.

"Practice" in Interior Design/Architecture Education

2022-06-21T19:14:24+00:00

With the start of “interior architecture”, the educational formation, had an active role as much as the profession itself. Today, two approaches are the basis of the approaches of today's educational programs. The first one; the “Beaux-Arts”, and recognized as the pioneer of academic design education; and the other one is the “Bauhaus”.

In this study, the effect of Bauhaus education format and the differences occurred by the time within the Interior Architecture education in our country is demonstrated. Especially with the section of the course load, depending on their examinations with the conclusions reached by the numerical values obtained with interior design suggestions, which are made for the required fields in education.

“The Design Training Models” of the Interior Design training, emphasized and, investigated depending on the similarities and differences between educational models and the emerging results, points those need to be emphasized.

The educational programs of the schools in Turkey and Bauhaus education program have been put forward, and the evaluations have been made within the differences between them depending on the course groups and weights. The assessments are done with 57 universities in Turkey; the results are reached through the process/time information, which was allocated for the courses by the universities.

The sections for the training program has been investigated according to the comparisons by the course weights. By combining the hours of the curriculum of the departments. The numerical values are obtained and the results are evaluated.

Assessing Incremental Refurbishment as An Alternative to Demolish & Build-Anew: Lessons from An Architectural Design Studio Experience

2022-06-21T19:19:50+00:00

In this paper, we report on an attempt to test an alternative to the prevalent urban transformation practice in Turkey, which we made within the context and framework of an undergraduate architectural design studio. In Turkey, urban transformation almost always entails the destruction of the existing buildings and constructing brand-new ones when it comes to residential areas. This practice is ubiquitous and quite unchallenged. While urban transformation has historically been quite destructive in most countries, in recent decades there is an ongoing discussion its the alternatives, as well as various accomplished examples. Within this context, we tackled the transformation of a large residential area in Çanakkale, Turkey, for which a wholesale renewal endeavor is underway for some time, but currently is at a standstill. We started the studio with architectural and urban analyses of the area and carried out a questionnaire in order to survey the residents’ demographic and economic profile, socio-spatial practices, needs and wants regarding their dwelling and its surroundings. Our studio brief precluded demolishing most buildings and asked for proposals for their revision and refurbishment along the lines of research findings and students’ site plan decisions. The brief also required a level of strategic densification through new dwellings, social amenities, and commercial units, in order to increase the program and user diversity and to finance the whole endeavor. In what follows, we contextualize our position and contrast our studio experience with the dominant approach to urban transformation. We argue considering transformation as a process of piecemeal refurbishment of the existing fabric and incremental enhancement of the site with new buildings has advantages over the option of demolishing the entire area; especially in terms of the key notions of continuity, ecology, participation, and economy. We also dwell on the various benefits of this exercise in terms of architectural design pedagogy.

Examining Culture-Led Urban Regeneration Through the Lens of Temporality - the Case of Brunnenviertel, Vienna

2022-06-20T05:18:14+00:00

Culture has become a main asset in urban regeneration over past decades. This ‘cultural turn’ has happened along larger societal developments: job relocations and rise of creative industries. This shift on the labour market has influenced leisure time patterns, creating a larger interest for cultural activities. Despite these societal transformations and their relevance to culture-led urban regeneration, the temporal perspective is widely ignored in academic discourse. Recent literature on culture-led urban regeneration accommodates a wide range of analyses, but there is no discussion on significance of the spatiotemporal aspect. This paper argues that a sole spatial inquiry is insufficient for culture-led urban regeneration strategies, and suggests time studies as a method of analysis.

The purpose of this paper is to address the research gap through a case study analysis. This article illustrates the culture-led urban regeneration process of Brunnenviertel area in Vienna, elaborating the key development in the local spatiotemporal setting. Austrian capital Vienna is a cultural metropolis of global significance. Culture has offered a significant asset of Brunnenviertel urban regeneration, and the laudable cooperation between stakeholders and local government has allowed an inclusive process. The analysis follows urban time studies research and the ‘timescapes approach’ as analytical framework. The empirical data for this study consists of local expert interviews, empirical observation material and municipal urban planning documents. The paper argues that a temporal perspective to culture-led urban regeneration could offer systematic dimensions for a critical analysis. The conclusions include methods of assessment and implementation for strategic planning interventions.

Historic City Centres and Commercial Gentrification

2022-06-20T05:29:49+00:00

Regenerating the historic centres of cities has long been an important and widely used intervention for local authorities to fight urban decay and obsolescence. It also has helped administrations to increase their competitive power in attracting new businesses, increasing visitors’ footfall, and to promote rising property values. To plan for regeneration it is vital to adopt an area-based approach which requires a joint organizational management perspective to deal with social, economic, spatial and environmental issues under a single umbrella. Otherwise, various unexpected consequences might arise. To illustrate this, physical improvements in such areas usually end up with increased property values which are both enjoyed and/or endured by the stakeholders, including local residents, tradesmen and others. Therefore, any intervention with reference to the regeneration and rehabilitation of historic city centres should be monitored by the planning departments of the municipalities to deal with the possibility of unexpected consequences.

Pedestrianization is one of these intervention tools used to regenerate historic city centres, providing benefits in such areas as health, environment, transportation and accessibility, and also economic and social prospects. Pedestrianization is also one of the most important contributors to the expansion of retail activities, since it increases visitors’ footfall. Increased retail activities in pedestrianized streets and historic areas drive sales and property prices upwards. Therefore, it is largely welcomed by the local authorities. On the other hand, pedestrianization might produce an unintentional commercial gentrification. Therefore, it is wise to note that feedback mechanisms should be established in the earlier phases of the regeneration plans formulated by municipalities.

In this respect, the regeneration of the historic centre of the Istanbul’s Kadıköy district, which started in 2004 and still continues, is worth-noting. In the context of our research, in 2014, 400 surveys were conducted with visitors and shopkeepers and a land-use analysis was completed to identify the changes which had occurred in the past ten years. Then, in 2018, a new land-use analysis was carried out to track the changes from 2014 to 2018. Moreover, face-to-face interviews with city council members and the head of trade associations were made in 2018 and 2019. In our case study, the most important achievement of the regeneration scheme was the pedestrianization of the area, the success of which promoted an unintended commercial gentrification which turned into an impasse between local tradesmen, property owners and the municipality. In this paper, the reasons behind this commercial gentrification will be discussed, together with proposed solutions to any problems which might arise, using examples from various developments in other countries.

Competences in The Planning Process of Protected Areas: The Case of The Kubad-Abad Palace

2022-06-20T05:35:59+00:00

This study aims to explore issues that will increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the planning process in order to examine the problems encountered in spatial planning studies carried out in protected areas within the scope of Kubad-Abad Palace Protection Plan. The study targets to improve the planning process of protected areas in every sense and to reduce the conflict of authority between different institutions. The jurisdictional confusion experienced in Conservation Development Plans is a subject that is rarely discussed in the urban studies literature. The study is expected to fill this gap in the literature to a certain extent.

In the research, literature review, document analysis, case study and in- depth interview methods were used together. Kubad-Abad Palace in the Beyşehir District of Konya Province has been selected as the case area. Kubad-Abad Palace has 5 different conservation status: I.Degree Archeolo- gical Site, III. Degree Archeological Site, Sustainable Conservation and Controlled Use Area, Qualified Natural Conservation Area and Beyşehir Lake National Park. Therefore, the case area has the feature of “overlapping restricted area”. Physical structure analyzes and various specific analyzes were conducted for the selected case area. A detailed process analysis was made on which institutions contributed to the conservation plan studies regarding the Kubad-Abad Palace and in what manner. Excavation and Research Studies, Documentation and Storage Arrangement Studies, Restoration and Conservation Studies, Tourism Studies and the process of these studies were evaluated in detail.

The study revealed that too many institutions were involved in the planning process of the Kubad-Abad Palace, and many authority conflicts emerged among many institutions that had to work together. The emergence of conflicts of authority between institutions arises from the existence of provisions and uncertainties that cause controversy in protection laws and regulations. Dissemination of decision-making authority on protected areas among too many institutions complicates, slows down, extends the planning process and weakens the success of the resulting plan. Simplification should be made in the number of institutions that plan, supervise, approve and implement the plan in overlapping protected areas. New legal and institutional arrangements are needed to ensure coordination between competent institutions in protected areas and to eliminate overlapping roles and powers.

The Effects of Transport Improvements on Economy and Development: A Research in Example of Konya High-Speed Rail

2022-06-21T17:32:25+00:00

In the last two decades, a major question in “Economic Geography” has experienced that growth of regions is related to the scale and nature of transport infrastructure’s contribution to the broader economy. Since the effects of transport infrastructure investments has sought to go beyond direct benefits resulting from the reduction in transport costs, understanding of the general economic effects generated by changes in transport infrastructure quality has taken on greater importance. However, it has not been possible to reach a general consensus on the typology, magnitude and way of the mechanisms that operate in this relationship, although theoretical and practical discussions coincide with affirming the existence of causal mechanisms between transport infrastructure and economic activities. This causal relationship may have different economic effects due to the variability of the other factors that define the particular economic behaviour of each geographical area. Upon on an accessibility approach, this paper aims to identify and analyze the effects of transport infrastructure investment in economic growth at regional level in Turkey. In this study, Konya High Speed Rail (KHSR) providing fast access to and from major metropolises such as Ankara and Istanbul has been chosen as the case study since Konya has experienced significant economic developments, together with the high speed train connection.

Isparta Bicycle Route: The Conflict Between Private and Public Interests

2022-06-21T17:50:44+00:00

Isparta, one of the most livable cities of Turkey, is a rapidly growing, medium-sized city in inner Anatolia with a large academic and student population. In 2016, with limited financial means, the Isparta Municipality sought to make the city more livable by constructing a network of bicycle lanes intersecting in the city center. The politicians and roadside businesses or shop owners opposed this scheme, as a survey has shown. In July 2018, the main, central section of the bicycle route was closed by the same municipal administration which introduced it following political pressure and in line with economic demands. The closed lanes were converted to on-road car parking spaces. Only a part of the network on the main transportation axis towards the perimeter of the city still exists today.

The decision to close the bicycle lanes contradicts the ideal of the smart settlement. It disturbed cyclists, drivers and the general public, created tensions among them, lowered urban livability standards and made the city more dangerous for its inhabitants. Despite the universal struggle to create smart transportation systems and smart settlements, rules and regulations for promoting the use of the bicycle and integrating it into urban life and spatial planning in Turkey appear to be insufficient. This paper reviews the interests at play and their prioritization while making an impact-based assessment of the decision of the municipality to close the bicycle route. It questions the impact of the closure of the route on the local economy of a city on the way to becoming a smart settlement.

The survey uses a quantitative research method based on a survey. Three

(3) populations were sampled – namely, a local bicycle advocacy group, the general public and roadside businesses. Questionnaires were administered through a systematic random sampling technique. The findings are accompanied by interviews with decision makers, the public and cyclists and a descriptive analysis and a review of the literature on bicycles in cities, the economic returns of cycling in the city and bicycle routes as a smart means of transportation. The paper concludes with a critical evaluation of the legitimacy of the closure decision from the point of view of the public interest. It finds that private interests and political disputes, and the related tensions, are non-negligible obstacles which decision makers have to overcome in order to create smart settlements. It also warns that decisions of this kind taken without properly determining the economic impact are baseless.

Possible Indicators for The Evaluation of The Performance of a Biophilic Urban Ecosystem

2022-06-20T04:44:53+00:00

As a sustainable design strategy, biophilic design incorporates natural elements into the built environment aiming to create healthy living settings. Indicators are one of the strongest communication tools in design for the provision of a resilient and sustainable human-nature relationship. They support all stages of policy-making, from designing policy frameworks, setting goals and tracking progress, to improving communication between government bodies and other actors involved in the process. Within this context, indicators function as performance measuring tools in designing and planning of biophilic cities. Despite the well-known benefits of biophilic design to human health and well-being, very few cities are systematically implementing biophilic design applications due to lack of practice, technical knowledge, established standards and procedures. This research aims to identify a set of possible indicators for the monitoring of a biophilic city by evaluating the functioning of the components of its ecosystem and the effectiveness of urban policies. The proposed indicator set targets to demonstrate how effectively a biophilic city achieves its goals and objectives as well as constitute a ground for the transformation of cities into biophilic cities by supporting the improvements for proposals of future planning. These indicators represent an initial attempt to develop a self-assessment tool for the investigation of the success of targets and goals related to the creation of a biophilic urban ecosystem. Establishing performance targets for the assessment of progress and developing these even further to test the set of indicators in a pilot study can be considered as a future research direction.

The Relationship Between Socio-Cultural and Environmental Development: Sustainability of Local Construction Culture and Crafts

2022-06-20T04:58:06+00:00

Integrative sustainability of vernacular architectural structure, which provides significant knowledges about cultural values to transfer next generations, is related with usage of natural sources, accessibility of local materials and adaptation of crafts to recent conditions. The physical conditions, existing in the nature of place, give form to socio-cultural life as well as local construction culture. Systematic preservation of local construction culture and crafts enables to observe socio-cultural and environmental values on traditional architectural pattern. The usage of the local materials, which is an important part of the natural resources, by craftsman, provides to come up with the original details in the traditional pattern. This local production style that consider to physical and social usage, diversifies the unique traditional construction details.

Materials that are formed depend on the geographical features and climatic conditions create traditional architectural patterns by being detailed with knowledge, ability and experiences of the local constructors and craftsmans. Today, to be able to comprehend these architectural patterns which are formed with local labour and sources, new methods should be developed. Solutions, which will be comprised with association of architectural preservation discipline and other disciplines that are about humans, may support the sustainability of the traditional heritage. Continuance of the field works to preserve traditional architectural pattern in selected area, reveals the usage of local materials and application style of the local construction culture in today's conditions. In this regard, a fieldwork had been done on usage of local materials and local construction culture in Birgi rural by considering its socio-cultural values and environmental conditions. In these fieldworks, interviews with local residents and constructors who live in Birgi rural has been done.

Since Birgi is involved within the boundary of archaeological and natural sites and accepted to the UNESCO World Heritage Candidate List, its recognition has increased throughout the country and restoration works have been accelerated. Tourism activities, developed in Birgi rural during the recent years, have enhanced efforts to return to the local culture in accordance with financial concerns. Local construction culture require to be positioned in a contemporary language to sustain socio-cultural values and physical conditions.

Analyzing Landuse Types Affecting the Spatial Distribution of Architecture Sector in Istanbul

2022-06-20T05:04:48+00:00

From the beginning of the 21st century, the creative economy has arisen in European and American countries; besides, this new system started to shape the social, physical, economic, and cultural patterns of cities. In Turkey, encouraging the creative economy to participate in the global market became an important concern of policy-makers especially after the 1990s, and Istanbul has a specific role as the creative capital of Turkey in this competitive atmosphere. Also, the architecture sector that consists of the value-adding process of art and knowledge is one of the most developing creative industries in the world; moreover, this sector generally concentrates more in Istanbul compared to other cities of Turkey. When the spatial distribution of all creative industries in Istanbul is examined, it is clear that they densify in the central districts of Istanbul; however, they also started to expand towards the peripheral districts especially after 2009. This tendency shows itself also in the architecture sector. Therefore, the main motivation of this study is exploring the spatial distribution of the architecture sector in Istanbul. For this purpose, the research method contains two steps. Firstly, the map for the distribution of architecture sector in the city is produced through certain addresses of architecture, urban planning, and landscape architecture firms by using the geocoding method. Secondly, the spatial relationship between locations of firms and determined land use types that are proximity to recreation areas, transportation routes, public establishments, and universities are analyzed through the Network Analysis in ArcGIS.

Correlation of Neighborhood Unit Design with Urban Health

2022-06-20T05:12:03+00:00

With the urbanization process, that gained speed after the Industrial Revolution, urban settlements received intense migration, thus living conditions in cities became more difficult. The fact that the urbanization process cannot develop in a controlled manner and the pressure created by the population in the city has led to the formation of unhealthy living environments and problems that threaten the health of the city. Health is complete well-being of physicallity, mentality and society. Therefore, health is highly associated with environmental factors as well as genetic and individual factors. Urban health is the product of many factors that can affect health, such as living conditions and economic factors, social services and sociocultural environment, built environment, quality of infrastructure services and their accessibility. The environment built from these factors has a direct impact on the health and on the life of individuals, but it is also an important determinant of urban health. The fact that the built environment is a determinant of urban health shows that the city planning discipline can play an active role in improving urban health. Because urban planning manages the formation of living environment features, which is one of the factors affecting urban health. The purpose of this study is to assess the impacts of the problems arising from the urbanization process on urban health in Turkey and to reveal the relationship of urban health with neighborhood unit design and the built environment in the light of literature. For this purpose, this study examines the existing relational solutions and multidimensional theoretical approaches by analyzing the relationship between urban health and the built environment with a comprehensive literature review. Increasing the welfare of people and the entire ecosystem and designing high-quality environments by creating healthy urban living environments in a rapidly urbanizing world should be among the main goals. The realization of these objectives will be achieved through exploration of the urban health’s relation with built environment and neighborhood urban design also through awareness of the integration of the urban health with urban planning policies and urban design principles.

Hermeneutics of Dome Space in Ottoman Architecture

2022-06-21T18:02:38+00:00

Needs and beliefs are the leading elements of architecture. A dome giving a building a stupendous appearance has a stronger effect on people compared to other covering systems when considered in terms of inner volume. Due to this strong impression, dome has frequently been preferred as the top cover of religious buildings throughout history. Examining the background of this preference based on religious tradition can reveal the purpose of building a dome and what it stands for in society. For this reason, primarily the symbolism of dome in the world will be discussed and the representation and hermeneutic understandings of dome in Ottoman culture will be addressed through architectural, literary and religious texts expressing ontological perception in the study.

The development of dome structure in Islamic architecture can be traced starting from the Great Seljuk constructions. The notion of a central dome gained prevalence in the early Ottoman period before the conquest of Istanbul. The dome of the Hagia Sophia was a goal to be accomplished for Mimar Sinan (Architect Sinan), who carried dome architecture to its zenith. While this goal is often perceived as the ideal of building the largest dome covering a large rectangular space, it has the idea of making a higher version of a symbolic volume behind it. In order to address this subject, it is necessary to evaluate the architectural texts describing the symbolism of dome and its hierarchy within the structure. Starting from the symbolic expressions and analogies in these texts, examining the religious ontological texts which will explain the subject in more detail will allow for a better hermeneutic understanding of the dome in Ottoman culture.

Top Covering Development of Konya Mosques in Anatolian Seljuk And Ottoman Period

2022-06-21T18:12:43+00:00

Konya, which is located in Central Anatolia, is an important settlement area where the first architectural traces are found, many civilizations lived in this region, also had been the capital of the Anatolian Seljuk Empire. Konya mosques have been one of the pioneering and original examples of Seljuk and Ottoman mosque architecture. When the Konya mosques are examined with their architectural features and construction techniques, their develop- ment can be seen over the centuries. In particular, the covering system of mosques differs from the 12th century to the 19th century. The cover system that commonly applied in mosques was a dome structure and the bricklaying had been used in the dome and transition element construction in the mosque of Konya in all periods. With this feature, it has shaped the architecture after it. Within the scope of the study, the development of the covering systems of Konya Mosques built between the 12th and 19th centuries was examined and a typology was drawn.

In the early periods of Anatolian Seljuks, there is a simple dome covering the square plan. In this period, the transition from the body walls to the dome was provided by the tromps. In the later periods, the transition to the dome was provided by a planar and prismatic triangle. At the end of the Anatolian Seljuk period, transition solutions from a rectangular plan to a dome are seen. Large mosques started to be built with the Ottoman period. With the increase in the diameter of the main dome, the transition to the dome turned into a pendentive, however during this period the arrangement of the dome tambour appeared on the facade. In the early Ottoman period, while the mosques with a single dome and a central plan were built as in the Seljuk period; mosques in complex form were built as time progressed, with each section covered with differently.

An Investigation into Spatial Dome Structures of Mimar Sinan Projects

2022-06-21T18:20:10+00:00

This study aims to reveal spatial analysis of Architect Sinan’s mosque projects by focusing on the content of flexibility and superiority of ‘a single dome space’ by atectonic dome architecture that Sinan used to pass great openings, in terms of basic design of the space creation art of mosques, complexes, madrasas and caravanserais. In the article, the dome space structures used by Sinan are examined and the layout of the atectonic domed cover system is emphasized. In the paper, system of dome-space cover techniques to pass wide spaces without remaining any walls at under structure have been analysed, thus, both upper structure as space covering and under structure as main prayer space and auxiliary sub-spaces that attached to that main space have been investigated together. The great architect Sinan’s projects on Ottoman mosques by using domes, made him famous as dome-maker, expressed in the study by variations of four-six- eight baldachin dome structure. Sinan who is known as great dome-maker, used dome variations for space-arranging art on his master pieces such as; Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Sinan Pasha mosque, Selimiye Mosque, which had been created by baldachin domed structures and the extension of the structure was realized by the addition of a secondary single dome with regards of the spatiality of dome structure. According to the sources, the mosque was enlarged with a second domed volume in the 17th century and becomes its present state. Sinan has analyzed and used domes space structures as additive modular volumetric structures. Therefore, in this article, especially Sinan’s architectural style, which gives a new identity to the large domes structure in the history of World architecture, how Sinan uses domed structured as a space creator are examined. The mosques created by Sinan’s domes space structures have created a tradition within Ottoman architecture, but the universal symbolism of this tradition is the large domed structures. Just as the classical columns in the history of European Architecture create a symbolic status, so is the degree of domes and domed baldachin in Ottoman architecture. As a result, the aim of this article is to reveal the architecture of domed space structures by examining Sinan’s superior open, flexible, large and reproducible space layouts with plans and sections through projects such as mosques.

Design Typologies of Mosques and Madrasas Belonging to Seljuk And Ottoman Civilizations in Konya

2022-06-21T18:27:28+00:00

Konya, which has been an important city since the prehistoric period, has reached its present identity by overlapping different layers of civilization. Within the context of the architectural traces of these layers of civilization, it is aimed to document how the Seljuk capital city of Konya developed, the present coexistence of the traces of different civilizations, the typological analysis of the architectural identity of the city, from the upper scale to the structure and detail scale. The identity gained by the city in the historical process changes with the ongoing construction works. The problem of protecting the cultural heritage, which reflects our tradition, is faced with the arrangements made depending on today's needs. In order to protect this heritage and to create a guide in the design of new buildings belonging to our civilization, in a whole work, the mosques and madrasahs of the Seljuk and Ottoman civilizations determined in Konya were analyzed together with their current surroundings, documented with photographs, design, building element, construction technique and material typologies were removed, damage conditions were determined and energy models were prepared. In this study, only the analysis of design typologies is included. Typology is not just a classification and statistical process, but a process of analyzing the physical functions and layouts of buildings, reducing them to be included in a typological series and aiming for formal outcome. For this reason, typological analysis studies are important. In this study, the plans and sections of mosques and madrasahs belonging to the Seljuk and Ottoman civilizations determined in Konya were analyzed by processing the existing surrounding tissue. A compilation was made in the light of the information in the literature and specific buildings. It has been argued that the Seljuk and Ottoman buildings, which are located in the outer castle of Konya and known to have an effect on the formation of the city center, will create an awareness in order to protect them into the future with this work.

Overview of Sustainable Design Criteria in High-Rise Building Facade Design

2022-06-21T11:51:05+00:00

Buildings are responsible for the high amount of global carbon emissions, structural wastes and energy consumption. The majority of buildings in Turkey are residential buildings and these residential buildings are responsible for the consumption of nearly half of the energy used by buildings as well as high amount of carbon emissions and structural wastes. Building facades are important elements of the buildings for sustainability since they are the elements that provide the distinction between the internal and external environment. It is known that a well- designed sustainable facade can lower the building’s negative impacts to environment significantly. Considering the construction of high-rise residential buildings have increased in the last decade in Turkey, the study focuses on sustainable high-rise residential building facade design. The purpose of the study is, systematically evaluating the facades of high-rise residential buildings built in Turkey in the last decade in terms of sustainability criteria and to raise awareness for designers. In order to evaluate in a systematic way, in the first step, high-rise building facade systems were classified and sustainable design criteria for these facades were identified such as; energy saving, providing natural ventilation, efficient use of water, preventing direct or indirect glare, providing alternatives for color, texture and finish details, being lightweight, easy to install, maintain and clean. In the second step, according to the classifications and sustainability criteria determined, 5 high-rise residential building facades built in the last decade in Istanbul, which have the same certificate (Gold) in the LEED assessment system were evaluated. In conclusion, it is considered that a new certification system that examines the building in parts and treats the facade as opaque and transparent surfaces may be useful in sustainable high-rise residential building facade design. In further studies, it is planned to work on a new sustainable building design evaluation system design that might contribute to prevent environmental pollution.

A Comparative Study on Daylight Evaluation in Konya Anatolian Seljuks and Ottomans Period

2022-06-21T11:55:45+00:00

Daylight control and energy efficiency in architectural design is accepted as one of the main inputs of sustainable architecture. Particularly the illuminance level in building design process, is related to visual comfort directly. Likewise, prayer spaces are the buildings which conserve prayers from outdoor conditions and maintain essential comfort standards. Particularly in mosques where are prayed collectively, high level of ambient lighting comfort conditions from the visual perspective is requested. Traditional mosques are operated to maintain homogeneous indoor ambient conditions to maintain comfortable thermal and visual environ- ments. Especially in classical period traditional mosques the homogeneous sprawling sunlight which comes from the dome surroundings, both maintains the essential illuminance level for the indoor comfort conditions and also assists to create the sense of meeting under the dome.

Within the Izu Konya Silk Road City Research Project, built in different historical periods, three Anatolian Seljuks and Ottoman Mosques’(Aziziye Mosque, Sultan Selim and Tahir-Zuhre Mosque) interior spaces are shown with the plan sketches, therefore every mosque is evaluated particularly in summer term periods when users pray inside mosques in particular day and hour periods.

Evaluation results are tested by luxmeter device and maintained based on the facade windows’ location. ‘Design Builder’ energy testing programme is used and each mosques’ technical plans are modelled in 3D. Also illuminance control reports are maintained by the same simulation method. Natural illuminance level and daylight calculations are shown within the charts. Measures are done only when there is natural light inside mosque.

Evaluation results are analysed based on the visual comfort level of prayers according to international standards. Within the scope of this Project, three chosen mosques constructed in Konya Anatolian Seljuks and Ottoman Historical periods which are both located in Konya city center, essential illuminance and visual comfort conditions are evaluated depending on the change in structural construction method and historical period.

Bursa Khans Region as Urban Monument Artifacts

2022-06-21T12:00:15+00:00

The important initial stage of the design process is reading the texture of the new building’s place, the location in the city, the typologies of buildings around it and understanding the urban morphology. For the sustainability of the urban texture, the analysis of the urban environment is essential in the design process.

Monuments from Rossi's (1984) urban artifacts are the primary elements of the city. Monuments cannot be read and analyzed alone or separated from the surrounding urban morphology. Monuments belong to a system that depicts the city, and by controlling the system, they form a model for the structures to be built later. The monuments accelerate the process of urbanization, remain in the center, form around the buildings and the city begins to grow around these. Monuments become a reference point in urban memory, give the city an identity and the city is referred to as monuments. Urban artifacts often coexist as split in a particular order.

When the Bursa Khans Region is analyzed in the context of Rossi's urban artifacts, it is understood that the city began to form around the first monumental buildings built by Orhan Ghazi. Bursa was a small city within the castle when conquered by the Ottoman State. Then, it became the capital city and in the historical process, the city was built as a commercial center of the Ottomans. The first buildings which are Orhan Social Complex were built in the place of the market outside the city within the city fortress. The development of the city began with these monumental buildings formed a model for other monuments and urban texture. Bursa Khans Region is a split consisting of primary elements in the city. For centuries, the Region had become the identity of the city, which contains monuments in the memory of the citizen. The region became the intersection of significant trade centres and continued to maintain its commercial importance after the conquest of Istanbul. The first buildings of the republic period were also built in this region.

This paper’s subject is the analysis of the Bursa’s development, where it continues to grow rapidly, around monuments in time. The aim is to remind the monuments which are the symbols of the city and the protected urban morphology for the new buildings’ design process which has to be respectful/ compatible with the urban texture, especially buildings constructed/ to be built near the Khans Region.

Spaciousness and Emotional Responses to Curved Space Boundaries

2022-06-21T12:08:38+00:00

Properties like size, light, texture and color unite to make a composition to form a space. Various properties that affect people’s attitudes and emotions towards a space are critical issues that have an impact on people’s life quality. Quality of life is a concept related to cognitive and affective assessments that are based on the matching of one’s expectations with the properties of physical space. Therefore, an interior architect design spaces while concentrating on the properties of that space. The study explores the perceived spaciousness of a 3D virtual model with curved boundary types using a Head Mounted Display (HMD) to find out the influence of specific space properties (size, light, texture, and color) and to associate the relationship between spaciousness and emotional responses.

The perceived spaciousness level of two-curved boundary types (horizontal and vertical) of interior spaces was analyzed with a HMD related to one of the specific properties varying in two levels of intensity; high and low. Sixteen different physical property spaces were designed to measure. Total of 128 participants assessed their emotional responses corresponding to three variables (pleasure, arousal, and dominance). The survey included both ranking and open-ended questions for each setting. According to the ranking results, perception of spaciousness was positively related with the curved boundaries and large size, bright light, lateral texture, and cool color of the spaces. In all specific properties, more spaciousness was perceived firstly in curved horizontal than vertical boundaries. Besides, curved boundaries evoked pleasing, satisfying, relaxed and happier emotional responses in perception of spaciousness of individuals. Also, according to the open-ended questions, three multiple-choice questions were provided in order to have an overall view of behavioral intention that were focused on time span, enjoyment and feel friendly level. As a result, the behavioral intentions (approach-avoidance behaviors) are different in the four settings in terms of specific properties. It is concluded that different, intensities of space properties could be used to control the amount of spaciousness level in interiors. Also, these levels provoke strong differences in emotional responses of individuals. Besides, designers and architects could use the findings to manipulate curvilinearity of the boundaries with many specific properties to provide a high level of perception of spaciousness.

Conservation of Superimposed Historical Constructions

2022-06-18T17:26:50+00:00

Human beings have continuously built new structures for their basic needs. In some cases, resettlement activities were carried out using structures built by ancient civilizations. In Anatolia, which has cradled different civilizations, it is almost impossible to find the designs and techniques of a single civilization in a building when we examine the architectural heritage from Ancient Age, Roman, Byzantine, Anatolian Seljuk, Anatolian Princi- palities and Ottoman Empire. It is a common method to repair and use buildings that have been left out of use due to various reasons such as wars, migration and natural disasters in the history. As a result, the interventions in the historical buildings, which are constantly changing, have created an indelible layer and gave the monuments a superimposed feature.

As the living witnesses of the old superimposed periods, monuments are also important, with their evidence reflecting information such as life stylise, architectural concept, construction techniques and materials belong to previous time. This study will help not only to illustrate the identification, documentation and conservation problems of historical monuments that includes superimposed periods, but also to learn and to integrate the results to build new tools and methodologies for documenting, managing and communicating of the conservation.

Historic Buildings That Have Combined Functions: Cases from Ankara, Turkey

2022-06-18T18:18:26+00:00

Ankara is a historic city, hosted many civilizations succeeded one another including Hittites, Frigs, Lydian, Persians, Galatians, Romans, Seljuk, and Ottomans, all affecting social, cultural, and religious institutions in the city, thereby altering the architectural evolution in the region. The city with its long history in central Anatolia has rich historic monuments and cultural landscape including Islamic religious architecture. Among them, historic mosques of Ankara, as a single building type, have been the research area of many scholars, but the ones, with two different functions either integrated into a single building or integrally related with each other in two different buildings, have not been evaluated in detail in terms of their spatial organizations, developments, and typologies. Different from the terms “külliye” or “manzume” buildings that have combined functions include different functions that are solved in one building or buildings that are integrally related with one another. Hence, considering the general absence of published material on those monuments, this research analyses the formal developments and transitions in historic mosque architecture that have combined functions in Ankara rooted from Seljuk period to early twentieth century. It is aimed to provide a broader perspective in religious architecture of the region in the historic process of time by forming its relation with Anatolian counterparts. In Anatolia as well, there are similar design arrangements, such as mosque-hospital, mosque-madrasah, mosque-zaviye combinations especially from Seljuk period, and evolved in later periods. The architectural styles of historic combined buildings in Ankara are classified into two types based on their spatial scheme determined by means of in situ analysis, archival and historic research, as well as comparative studies. They are mosque-tomb combination and mosque-lodge/house combination, constructed either at the same time or attached in later periods. In addition to these two types, there is also a tomb-dervish lodge combination. The study on historic mosques of Ankara that have combined functions not only illustrates undiscovered information about their typologies with regard to formal changes that can be used to explore the others in Anatolia, they also display historic phases in the region, which can inform conservation efforts.

Industrial Ruins: Conservation Experiences in Vacant Heritage Buildings

2022-06-19T15:42:54+00:00

Industrial heritage conveys archaeological evidence of past industrial technologies and processes, engineering, architecture and town‐planning. Due to the fast development in technology, many former industrial structures and premises have been abandoned.

The research topic is chosen from Eskişehir. Eskişehir is one of the leading cities in Turkey's industrialization. This study focuses on historic zone of factories in Eskişehir, which is known for its urban problems. One of the central problems in the preservation of industrial heritage is the lack of effective dialogue between institutions and stakeholders regarding private property rights; urban land development and the demand for new construction, legal and administrative processes; increase in public demands; shortage of economic resources; etc. In the solution of such problems, the appropriate conditions are not always realized, and thus structuring channels of communication between stakeholders and decision-makers may fail. At this stage, industrial assets lose their valuable constituent parts rapidly.

The study examines the effects of transformation of industrial heritage into empty spaces in the context of urban memory, and questions these spaces that have gained value over time as interest of the contemporary art and architecture. The aim is to analyze the diversity of abandoned industrial buildings and to understand the qualities that need to be protected by revealing the connections of these buildings and spaces with the old industrial processes in the context of spatial experience, application, representation and identity.

The Original Architect's Role in Conservation of The Recent Architectural Heritage

2022-06-19T15:47:24+00:00

The scope of heritage conservation, as well as the definition of cultural heritage is inevitably broadening. Starting from 1960’s, conservation experts conducted studies for early modernist buildings to be listed as heritage. Over time, similar studies were made for many Modern, Brutalist, even Postmodern buildings claiming that some of them are cultural heritage. Recently, buildings such as Heydar Aliyev Centre in Azerbaijan by Zaha Hadid (2012), Museum Liaunig in Austria by Querkraft (2008) and B2 House in Turkey by Han Tümertekin (2001) are listed as cultural heritage.

In this regard, adoption of heritage status when a building is relatively young can mean that the original architect is still alive, and even continues professional life. From the perspective of conservation practice this can be a very favorable situation. Madrid – New Delhi Document (ICOMOS-ISC20C, 2017) suggests the importance of gathering information from primary sources in order to apply an appropriate conservation planning and management method. Undoubtedly, the original architect is the main resource to understand a design’s essence.

In the late 1990’s, like most of the performance spaces, Sydney Opera House needed improvements. However, the Opera House being a national heritage in Australia, a Conservation Management Plan was to be made before any intervention. For this purpose, the experts first contacted the original architect, Jørn Utzon, and with an exemplarily collaboration the Utzon Design Principles, which constitute a framework to the Conservation Management Plans, were created.

However, as much as this single example seems ideal, the original architect’s involvement to the conservation processes has many paradoxical sides such as legal, theoretical, practical and ethical. In some cases, conservation experts are obliged to obtain the consent of the original architect for any intervention according to the Intellectual Property Rights Act. On the other hand, sometimes this encourages the architect to make material, even design alterations that may damage the authenticity in the first place. In other cases, the original architects oppose to the heritage status of their design.

This paper aims to discuss these paradoxical issues from an architectural conservation perspective. Overall, as conservation of the architectural heritage of recent past is a dynamically evolving subject, it seems possible to state that, as conservation experts, we will be encountering many more similar cases.

A Discussion on Indoor Air Pollution Exposure Process and Resultant Problems

2022-06-20T06:01:47+00:00

The production and usage processes of buildings correspond to a highly complex interrelation among many experts of professionals and users in which the space is produced according to certain approaches to become one of the essential factors to affect the users’ life. In this context, indoor air and its pollution are in the most critical aspects of spaces with a very high potential to create a wide range of comfort, many health and related economic problems. In order to structure a better cause and effect relation between spaces and users in the context of enhanced indoor air quality, among other aspects particularly the exposure phenomenon: process between encountering indoor air pollution and the formation of problems should be investigated in regard to underlying mechanisms. Existence of harmful substances with diverse properties for a definite period of time causes indoor air pollution and certain parts or the entire indoor environment of a building can constitute an exposure environment as the pollution meets with building users. This process can occur via respiration, olfaction or contact to skin and eyes where pollutants, their metabolites or reaction products compose biomarkers. The number of biomarkers, determined as dose, is directly related with the occurrence of a vast number of health / comfort conditions ranging from odour intolerance, headache or irritation to respiratory infections, heart diseases and cancers. Although there are many different approaches for classification of these outcomes, the problems are categorized under three groups in this research: cancers, non-cancerous diseases and sick building syndrome. It is believed that the study is beneficial to present an alternative qualitative point of view different from the common quantitative tendencies in the field of indoor air quality studies and the resultant classification can be useful for a more practical and accurate assessment process which is appreciated to be vital to sustain existing building stock and transform the problematic spaces in better and healthy living environments by raising awareness for particularly important but mostly ignored or misplaced problem groups.

Examining the Effects of Space on Indoor Air Pollution Exposure

2022-06-20T06:08:58+00:00

Humans’ interaction with the built environments generally actuates a rather severely exposure process. One of the important aspects under this category: indoor air and its pollution cause premature death of nearly four million people every year. The vital necessity to sustain existing built environment through proper improvement requires adaptability by using a consciously structured assessment process which focuses on the relationship of space and humans in a systematic perspective. Accordingly, as an alternative to common tendencies in indoor air pollution studies, the subject can be structured on three pillars: pollutants, humans and indirect participant of their relationship: exposure environments. Due to the complex interactivity created between hierarchical environmental systems of building, main aspects of closed spaces play an essential role as creating complicated impact-result mechanisms on progress of exposure. The existence, location, duration and concentration levels of indoor air pollutants are affected by the volume of closed spaces, air movements in and between indoor and outdoor environment, possible interactivity among surfaces and pollutants and related factors such as temperature, humidity, dampness that transforms these interrelations. Furthermore, the architectural arrangement of the spaces affects the exposure by determining location and duration of building users. It is believed that constituting systematization for fundamental properties of closed spaces as exposure environments can be useful to reveal interrelations between three participants of exposure in a broader and more holistic comprehension consistent with whole systems thinking in preference to common popularized approaches which mainly concentrate on quantitative properties in a single building scale towards better structured assessment activities with a higher potential for accurate results.

Investigation of Reuse and Recycling Potentials of Fibrecement

2022-06-20T06:14:24+00:00

In recent years, thanks to technological developments, the variety of building materials used in the building sector is increasing. Increasing the diversity of materials expands the usage areas of new materials in construction activities. Building materials, which are the main source of the building production process, have environmental impacts during in the period from the production stage to the use stage. The greatest damage to the environment by building materials is the generation of construction and demolition(C&D) waste. C&D wastes are composed of building materials and components resulting from construction material production, construction, renovation, repair and demolition activities of buildings. Today, C&D wastes which are one of the most important environmental problems emerge at every stage of the building production process and adversely affect human and environmental health. The providing reuse or recycling of building materials is important in terms of reducing C&D wastes. Material properties should be well known and sustainable building materials with minimum environmental impact should be used in order to reduce environmental problems caused by building production.

In this study; the reuse and recycling potentials of the fibrecement board, which is one of the most frequently used building materials in the building sector recently, have been investigated in the production and construction phases. Within the scope of the study; waste management in the production phase, reuse and recycling of the material has been researched in the fibrecement board production facility. In this context; face to face interviews were made with the facility official about the production process of the material and the production phase was photographed in the production facility. Interviews were held with material sales offices and construction supervisors in order to determine the recovery opportunities of the material in the construction phase. According to the study; fibrecement board is a building material that has the potential to reuse and recycling during the production and construction phases. It has been concluded that the fibrecement can be recovered at other stages due to the fact that it has more reuse and recycling opportunities especially in the production process and it is a material that can be used in several parts of building does not harm the environment and human health.

Hydrophilic Structures

2022-06-20T06:25:18+00:00

This text intends to present the outcome of the graduate design studio titled ‘hydrophilic structures’, as well as to discuss the potential and design parameters of the waterfront at Santralİstanbul campus. Studio research is structured for revealing the potentials of floating spaces in connection with the public spaces. Concepts such as floating structures, interaction with water and public waterfront may initially refer to human utilization however, non-human living organisms are critical for their decisive role on the qualities of the water itself. Through this perspective, it is required to reveal the ecological cycles as design input when working in relation to water, and any possible environmental effects have to be handled as design parameters.

Design of floating structures and water interaction had been a niche inside the traditional culture and practice of architectural design, whereas design and production skills in connection with water had historically developed mostly in the field of engineering and transportation. On the one hand, floating structures and their potential for unconventional spatial experiences have recently engaged in the focus of contemporary design culture, mainly due to the increasing density and lack of public spaces on the land.

In parallel, the presented design-research covers principal case-studies of floating spaces, the buoyancy principles, various material tests and essential variables of ecological dynamics in Haliç as a general framework. The subsequent prototype, developed with the above intentions, serves for a specific bird population utilizing Haliç as a part of their life cycle, rather than human utilization. Through this way, the project intends to contribute to ecologic cycles of the small habitat as well as, though indirectly, to the public life. One the one hand, it triggers a discussion for architectural design experience where users are non-human. The proposal, designed through computational tools and fabricated through robotic technology, concentrates on various ways of interaction with water and acknowledge distinct formal potentials for the birds, as the users of space.

Reading the Concept of Anti-Architecture Through Baudrillard's Discourses

2022-06-18T16:29:08+00:00

Although he strongly rejects it, Jean Baudrillard, who is regarded as one of the pioneers of Postmodernism, has studies in various disciplines such as; history, sociology, media, economics art and aesthetics. In addition, he has studies expressing different ideas about the discipline and future of architecture. According to Baudrillard, nowadays one of the problems of architecture is to say that architecture cannot be done without the idea of architecture and history of architecture. If you have an architectural project idea; different data about space, history, environment, elements of the project, objectives; all of which will, at a given moment, lead to the formation of an unexpected object that will make it truly different from the initial project. In Baudrillard's words, nowadays everything is caught by cancerous cells of culture; architecture also has its share. In our age, in architecture, as in all areas, the real is lost in the virtual. He says that this “radical” hypothesis is not pessimistic. Baudrillard wants architecture and architectural objects to remain out of the ordinary and does not desire it to be reduced to “virtual reality”.

The aim of the study is to read the concept of Anti-Arkitektur, which Jean Baudrillard described in his work titled "Architektur: Wahrheit oder Radikalität? (Architecture: Truth or Radicality?)", through the sub-concepts used to describe the concept in the book. Baudrillard has defined the concept of Anti-Arkitektur as structures that only function as a pure phenomenon, a pure object, without any aesthetic value. The main reason why Baudrillard's work is a sample is that he mentioned the concept of Anti-Arkitektur only in this work. NVivo 12 program, which is frequently used in qualitative research, was used to obtain study findings. Within the scope of the study, by entering the text into the program, the frequency of use of the concepts was determined. The concepts obtained were made into a word cloud in line with word grouping systems. Then a table was created with the English meanings of the concepts. An architectural scene in which radicalism does not exist allows us to return to the primitive period of space. In this sense, architecture now serves as an “Anti-Arkitektur”. Architecture is largely doomed today merely to serve culture and commu- nication. In other words, it is doomed to serve the virtual aestheticisation of the whole of society. The method of the study is qualitative research because it is a study conducted through discourses.

Darwinian Approach and Mutations: Bjarke Ingels (Big)

2022-06-18T16:36:53+00:00

Bjarke Ingels (BIG), one of the architects who proposes new insights, suggestions, and manifestos about contemporary architecture and its problems, has used mountain metaphor through conscious inspiration strategy and has favored positivist and pragmatic thinking and utilitarian architecture by saying ‘Yes is more’. BIG, with its discourse of 'think big', has taken the stance against the conventional box forms and the facades that surround them, and has brought architecture to different dimensions. BIG has defined the project process that evolved through adaptation and improvisation, intending to focus on life rather than aim in architecture.

While Ingels' design philosophy constitutes the conceptual approach of the study, this study is prepared by using the architect's discourse, oral and written interviews, videos, digital written texts and literature studies. In this context, the repetitive examples that the architect defines as mutation and adaptation are classified as diagonals, stepped pixels, bending of the mass, shifting of the plaques, breakage of the form, holes and slit opening to the mass, helical ramps and spiral tendencies. The stepped pixels in this classification are the main subject of this study.

In this study, it has been researched how allow to dialogue in urban stairs of the pixelated structures designed by the architect with his passion for lego. Ingels' pixel or lego attitude; areas of socialization in his topography; Approaching to human scale, the language of mass and form, relationship between human and space, the suggestion of space for experience, public space concept, dialogue spaces were discussed based on architect's approach, repetition of his design and mutations. These parameters were evaluated under four examples (Lego Tower, Mountain Dwellings, King Street West, 79 & Park).

Ingels, who was influenced by Darwin, interpreted the tree of evolution as a diagram of the way he works. He explained the unification and selection of the design ideas that emerged in the architectural process as the evolution of the idea. BIG designs new mutants by developing prototypes. In the case of the BIG, these mutations occur when the concept and form are designed independently of context. BIG which creates its context and organizes its own space, went to the way of dividing the object through pixels when designing macro-scale structures. Thus, he made the big picture more understandable and perceptible. He tried to achieve the human scale with the gradual pixels rising from the ground level. In this way, Ingels' pixels buildings has transformed itself into an experiential part of urban.

Evaluation of the 1939 Zoning Regulations Proposal by Investigating Changes of the Bosphorus Coastal Road Between Beşiktaş and Bebek with Its Nearby Surroundings

2022-06-18T16:57:11+00:00

Due to events such as fire and earthquakes over the years, Istanbul's plan has been in a constant change and the organic plan of the traditional Ottoman city has been partly transformed into a grid system in the 19th century. The city's first post-Republic master plan was drawn in 1937 by Henri Prost, a French urbanist and architect invited by President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Prost who made suggestions for various parts of Istanbul, has proposed three staged road system for the Bosphorus. These are the coastal road on the Bosphorus, the roads on the hills between Taksim and Büyükdere and the roads on the slopes in the middle of these two roads. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the change of the Bosphorus coastal road and its nearby surroundings between Beşiktaş and Bebek, and the coastal districts located here (Beşiktaş, Ortaköy, Kuruçeşme, Arnavutköy, Bebek) through the maps and aerial photos dated to different periods. At the same time, whether the 1939 zoning regulation proposal, which is the starting point of this work, is implemented or not, will be compared with the current situation of the region. Mentioned drawing showing the arrangements offered on the coastal road between Beşiktaş and Bebek and its nearby surroundings, approved by Henri Prost in 1939. In this 1/2000 scale plan, road widening and new road opening suggestions were made by preserving historical buildings and the regions having been arranged as building blocks and green area are indicated. It was proposed to extend the coastal road towards the land side or to the sea side by piles and the recommendations were expressed in 1/200 scale sections. This detailed plan proposal was approved with the exception of the parts for Ortaköy and Beşiktaş, and it is partially implemented at the present time.

Mirror Mirror on The Wall: Reflections on the 19th Century-Paris Through Manet’s “Bar at The Folies-Bergère”

2022-06-18T17:16:02+00:00

ABSTRACT

19th century-Paris is the scene of a vast urban change both physically and socio-culturally. The massive Haussmann plan rapidly transforms the city scape which is to design a network of boulevards combines many different activities such as arcades, public gardens, operas, cafes and bars. In this system, people who stroll by the boulevard look around, visit cafés and shops keep avenues alive. This is so new for that epoch and changed the citizens’ attitude and leads the birth of the flâneur who leisurely strolls around for amusement. The flâneurs occupy the boulevards while they are viewing the scenes, viewing the crowd and also being viewed by the people. So, Paris becomes a scene of this mesmerizing spectacle. Beside these new buildings and glittering boulevards the ones can also see the demolished structures yet the city is still underconstruction. The old quarters vanish rapidly but the poor, fallen, regretted people live in there become visible on the new streets. So the “modern” Parisians confront the “other” side of the city. In that point, however Paris is regarded as a fairy tale city with all these modern aspects, it actually is the space of confrontation and distinction. There are several intellectuals observe this situation and represent the physical and social stratification in their works; such as Baudelaire, Flaubert, Balzac, Renoir and Manet. This study basically focuses on Edouard Manet (1832-1883) and his painting called “Bar at the Folies-Bergère” to read the socio-cultural and socio-spatial condition of the 19th century-Paris. And in this reading the mirror on the wall which dominates the painting stands as a reference to decipher Manet’s critique of the society. In order to conduct the study thinkers such as Walter Benjamin and Marshall Berman will be references to read the dilemmas of internalizing modernity in the 19th century; art historians T.J. Clark and Jonathan Crary will broaden the view to understand the change of the object of the gaze in that epoch and to reflect on the questions who is the viewer, what is to be viewed and how it is represented; and the philosopher Michael Foucault who reads Manet’s work as a field of discourse will expand the critique of society beyond the canvas.

Conservation Planning of Rural Heritage Landscapes on Urban Periphery: Valley Settlements Around Kayseri

2022-06-20T06:29:45+00:00

The process beginning with the rapid growth of cities following the Industrial Revolution and culminating in recent globalization has transformed the interaction between urban and rural areas in the last two centuries. Uncontrolled urban growth threatens rural settlements especially on the periphery, and these eventually lose their cultural and physical identity and landscape characteristics. This study investigates the effects of governmental policies and regulations in Turkey concerning the transformation and conservation of historical rural landscapes focusing on valley settlements around Kayseri, and aims to contribute to the discussion by identifying and examining relevant threats.

In Turkey, villages in metropolitan areas are considered “neighborhoods”, and their statute is obscured. Rural heritage areas represent the culture, social structure, art and architecture, construction technologies and interaction with the environment in their period, and thus, possess both tangible and intangible heritage values. However, due to the inconsistent administrative approaches of local authorities, they are rapidly losing their integrity, authenticity and characteristics, resulting in loss of cultural memory and spirit of place, beginning with those located on the periphery of growing cities.

This paper explains the vital role of policies, laws and regulations on the conservation of rural heritage areas, focusing on two Derevenk Valley settlements, Germir and Tavlusun on the urban periphery of Kayseri. Their rural, archaeological and natural heritage features resulted in their listing in 1993. These multi-cultural and multi-layered settlements, where different religious, ethnic and social groups lived together in the past, are mostly devoid of their original population and used only seasonally today. Although there are similar valley settlements around them, only two are listed as historic urban sites whereas the others, not recognized, are under the threat of new building and urban development. Derevenk Valley, closest to the city, has already been absorbed by the urban sprawl. The conservation history, legal status, management and administrative policies, characteristics and state of preservation of the designated areas analyzed here, demonstrate the importance of the timing of planning and implementation as well as the integration and coordination of the urban and conservation plans, the lack of which threatens the preservation of similar areas.

Conservation of Rural Earthen Architectural Heritage: The Case of Malatya Region

2022-06-20T06:36:49+00:00

Rural architectural heritage has become a subject of frequent debate in recent years as a value that stands out with its unique qualities. This heritage, which is worth exploring in the context of conservation with the use of natural materials, tailor-made designs and unique details, is threatened with rapid extinction. Many reasons such as migration of rural areas due to various reasons, increasing the average age of the population living in these areas, changes in livelihoods and economic conditions are effective in the rapid loss of rural architectural heritage. In this context, the sustainable qualities of this heritage, which is very difficult to preserve, are also destroyed. Today, together with the rural areas that are under protection as the subject of many laws, regulations and meetings, especially the Venice Charter; The existence of many rural architectural heritage is also known.

The earthen settlements that stand out with their authenticity within the rural architectural heritage are the areas that have been lost rapidly due to the material properties and building designs. Conserving rural earthen architectural heritage, which includes many unique features; it is also of great importance in terms of the sustainability of the architectural designs put forward today and in the future. In this sense, as one of the most abundant rural earthen architectural heritage in our country, Malatya is worth examining for its conservation and sustainability. The settlements in the Malatya region, which stands out in terms of rural earthen architectural heritage with its natural, socio-cultural and architectural values, contain a lot of data on the conservation and sustainability of this heritage.

The aim of this study is to contribute to the conservation and sustainability of the rapidly disappearing rural earthen architectural heritage by emphasizing the Malatya region, which is one of the most intense areas in Turkey. Within the scope of the study, the developments in the world and in our country for the conservation of rural areas are mentioned; In the light of these developments, the situation of the earthen-dense rural areas in the Malatya region with unique values will be examined and suggestions will be made for the conservation of these areas. Literature researches will be carried out on the subject as a method of study and studies will be conducted in the sample areas with these researches. As a result, it is aimed to contribute to the conservation and sustainability of rural earthen architectural heritage through the examples in Malatya region.

Rural Gentrification or Urban Agriculture? A Case Study on Sirkeli-Ankara

2022-06-20T07:14:35+00:00

Rural gentrification means socio-economic and spatial transformation of rural areas with decrease in productive population, rural activities and agricultural activities. It brings urbanization of the countryside. Expropriation of local people and rural poverty, unemployment, migration of young population, inaccessibility of basic services are important problems of rural areas. Agricultural production and agricultural land, pastures are lost, rural structures began to be abandoned.

In contrast, some urbanites longing for nature, make urban agriculture, urban farming, or urban gardening in rural areas or urban periphery. Urban agriculture is the practice of cultivating, processing and distributing food in or around urban areas. Urban agriculture can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry and urban beekeeping. Urban agriculture provides access to nutritious, healthy and safe food. It creates a sense of belonging between urbanites, and farmers in urban-rural space. It also gives a learning opportunity of growing food and makes efficient use of land.

However, land owners have the privilege of altering natural and built landscapes. Inheritance of agricultural land reproduces inequalities. Ownership of agricultural land enables production of symbolic wealth. The migration of middle-class migrants into specific locales changes the locale's physical appearance, social status and socio-demographic composition.

This study aims to put these urban agriculture and rural gentrification paradox with a case study in Sirkeli-Ankara. Sirkeli which was a village turned to neighborhood of Pursaklar district in Ankara. However, the rural activities are still on-going by the villagers and urbanites making urban agriculture. In this context, socio-spatial literature research on rural gentrification and urban agriculture were made. In depth interviews were made with the villagers, urbanites which have weekend houses and making urban agriculture and real estate owners. All kinds of visual and audio material were used to make discourse analysis through multimedia and key highlights are revealed.

Exploration of Heritage Conservation Issue with Volunteer Tourism

2022-06-20T07:20:03+00:00

The main motivation of the article is to explore one of the contemporary tourism movement; volunteer tourism and its role in heritage conservation. Modernist tourism activities have been criticized for their consumer and harmful effects on the host destinations by several scholars such as John Urry. Accordingly, relationships between ‘tourists’ and ‘host destinations’ are defined as consumer and resources in the modern world. However, the postmodern ‘volunteer tourism’ concept started to discuss with its concern about the conservation and development purposes of ‘travelers’ for their ‘experienced places’. Theoretically, Edward Soja express; standing points of modernism and postmodernism as well as effects of them to space from spatial, social, and cultural aspects. Through such expositions, this paper makes theoretical contributions about; differences between mass tourism and alternative tourism activities from the volunteer tourism perspective to figure out if the volunteer tourism movement is applicable for sustainable heritage conservation and development purposes.

The Meaning of Urban Morphology in Terms of Cultural Heritage Through Changing Urban Space

2022-06-17T05:21:07+00:00

In line with recent paradigm shifts like globalism, the increase in population or commodification of urban land beside cultural demands, have been giving rise to regeneration of cities via high-rise buildings, infrastructural interferences or building up new areas in the city. In historical cities, there occurs an encounter with urban space and heritage. This new space production mechanisms inevitably cause degenerations on historical cities’ characters. Recent approaches in heritage thought has been trying to find solutions to this dilemma. ‘Historic Urban Landscape’ approach provides a holistic view for all these issues.

If we read the urban space as a text, we can say that the language of this pattern is composed of either tangible or intangible words. This tangible dimension is embodied within urban morphology. Although urban morphology had been evaluated mostly as just the physical form until recent times, today we know that it has a further meaning embedded in its cultural and historical codes. So, urban morphology also contains cultural heritage. Although urban morphology is generally a neglected dimension in conservation, it has a potential to be a kind of stalker in order to understand and sustain the sense of place via its generic codes.

This paper aims to consider urban regeneration processes that affect urban morphology in the context of cultural heritage. It also aims to bridge the gaps between space theory and conservation as an architectural phenomenology via urban morphology. The method is based on the evaluation of several cases from Istanbul via three readings: Diachronic analysis based on morphological reading, synchronized analysis based on current urban space reading and analysis of issues related with the meaning of historic urban landscape. The results show that; the embedded codes of urban morphology have a pathfinder character for sustainability of cultural heritage with development; historical urban landscape approach has different thresholds and interfaces which cannot be limited to traditional scale/buffer zone approach because it is hard to define where the urban heritage ends, and natural or cultural heritage starts so a contextual evaluation is essential; topography and its tectonic are vital determinants on the historical urban landscape; it is a must to bridge urban morphology with conservation beside revisiting space theories and architectural phenomena; in order to decide what is heritage in terms of ‘trust’.

Architectural Reflections of Falconry (Sparrowhawking) Tradition as an Intangible Heritage of Eastern Black Sea Region

2022-06-17T05:43:32+00:00

The falconry (sparrowhawking) tradition, which is an ancient method of obtaining food from nature, has been practiced for centuries in mountain areas of the Eastern Blacksea Region of Turkey as well as in many other regions of the world, is mostly disappearing due to various reasons including the changes in social life, restrictions due to the nature conservation laws, migration and depopulation in the region, etc. Although there is a decrease in the number of falconers, a small number of people, who are living in or have a root from the region, still continue this ritualistic activity for the purposes such as sport, entertainment, relaxation in a natural environment and meeting with the neighbors and relatives. Nowadays, falconry still plays an important social role in the lives of the people in the region. The traces of this living culture can be seen in every area of the lives of local people such as folk songs, stories, poets. Such that, there are statues dedicated to sparrowhawks in the public squares of the towns also the nicknames of the football teams of the region such as Rizespor, Arhavispor, Hopaspor, Ardeşenspor are called sparrowhawks. The practice of falconry was inscribed on “UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” as a living heritage of 18 countries and manifested in the following domains: “Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe”, “Oral traditions and expressions”, “Social practices, rituals, and festive events”, and “Traditional craftsmanship” according to the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The practice, present in many countries around the world, may vary regarding certain aspects, for example the type of equipment used but the methods remain similar. Despite Turkey and neighboring Georgia are not included among these countries, the cultural tradition has similar rituals and characteristics as the other countries. Starting from catching the mole cricket, the process continues with trapping and educating red-backed shrike, constructing the trapping house, trapping the sparrowhawk with this small bird and educating sparrowhawk for hunting quails. In this processes falconers have built some primitive shelters to meet the spatial necessities. This paper aims to discuss the architectural reflections and space uses of falconry tradition in the regional context. It was based on site trips, close observation on the falconers, interviews and the author’s own experiences. Further researches will tell us more about the specific social and cultural meanings of this tradition and will enable us to develop a plan for safeguarding this intangible cultural heritage.

Investigation of Acoustical Characteristics of Hüsrev Ağa Mosque And İbrahim Çelebi Mosque in Manisa, Turkey

2022-06-17T07:47:06+00:00

From past to present, the single-domed mosques, one of the most important building types for neighborhood, are generally used for daily worship. Although there are many studies on the architectural features and historical processes of single-domed mosques, it is observed that there is no comprehensive inventory of the acoustic conditions for them. It is important to evaluate acoustic conditions of historical mosques, which are accepted as cultural heritage, to identify the interventions that adversely affect these conditions and to suggest the restoration solutions for transmission them to next generations.

In this study, acoustical measurements were taken two historical single- domed mosques in Manisa in order to characterize their acoustical quality and identify the effect of single dome on their acoustical parameters. They have the similar plan schema, a central dome and built in the same historical period. Reverberation time (T30), definition (D50), clarity (C80), STI and SPLA as objective room-acoustic indicators are presented for sample mosques. Hüsrev Ağa Mosque has estimated volume of 725 m³ and İbrahim Çelebi Mosque with estimated volume of 855 m³ [2]. The acoustical field measurements are performed for empty mosques in accordance with ISO 3382-2:2008 [3]. The values of T30unoccupied are 2.1 s for Hüsrev Ağa Mosque and 1.9 s for İbrahim Çelebi Mosque in the middle frequencies. T30 values for similar volumes with samples are higher than the optimum range (0.5 – 1.0 s) [1]. Although measured T30 values are good for the musical version of the Holy Quran, they are so high for praying mode and damage to the intelligibility of speech.

(spatial impression) in the mosques is recommended between 1.2 and 1.25, is 1.4 in Hüsrev Ağa Mosque and 1.05 in İbrahim Çelebi Mosque [4]. SPL-A is measured with 6 dB difference among receiver points for both. It shows that desirable consistent sound pressure level distribution is provided involumes. In mid frequencies, measured C80 values are suitable for each function [5]. D50 values are under 50% (recommended) in mid frequencies. Mean values of STI in mosques are lies between 48% to 58% which means a “Fair” speech intelligibility [6]. In conclusion, mosques were suitable for musical version of Holy Quran. However, the speech intelligibility is damaged by high T30 values. For the improvement of T30 values, restoration of historical mosques with original materials should be encouraged.

“Inherited Gentrification”: Changing Profiles of Gentrifiers Via Inheritance, The Case of Bozcaada, Turkey

2022-06-21T11:26:52+00:00

The gentrification phenomenon has been largely debated in Anglo-Saxon urban studies and inherently taken as an urban concept. However, this complex urban phenomenon emerges in the countryside with similar principal indicators: a change in the socio-economic composition of its citizens; an emphasis on cultural or national heritage and aesthetics; the emergence of new institutions leading to the closure of older ones; diversification of products and services; changes in properties’ value.

This paper presents a qualitative case study examining the changes on the socio-spatial structure of a small Turkish island, Bozcaada, through these principal indicators of gentrification in the countryside. During the last two decades, Bozcaada has been displaying both the core elements and indicators of gentrification through the process of rural social change and structural local economic changes. In the early phase of Bozcaada’s gentrification, the newcomers were mainly middle-aged and middle-class urbanites who moved to the island with rural idyll motivations. However, in the current phase, the characteristics of the newcomers have become diversified in terms of both motivations and socio-economic class.

The most significant finding of this paper is the identification of the second- generation gentrifiers of Bozcaada who are the direct descendants of the first gentrifiers. This particular section of current newcomers on Bozcaada is not as wealthy as the other newcomers or their parents. In fact, they may not be able to move into the local community if they have not inherited their parents’/grandparents’ properties due to a highly inflated housing market. Although they do not hold any economic capital, they are still part of the gentrifying population of Bozcaada due to their cultural capital, which differentiates them from the other sections of the local community.

This paper argues that the second-generation newcomers naturally took part in the process of gentrification when they inherited their properties, since they play an important role in the significant socio-economic and cultural changes that are still taking place on the island. However, they created a different kind of gentrification from their parents, which is passed on to the next generation via the ownership of assets. This paper calls this new concept “inherited gentrification”.

Spatial Distribution and Profile Analysis of The Syrian Immigrant Population Problem in Fatih District of İstanbul

2022-06-21T11:31:47+00:00

The paper reflects on some the effects of the "Arab Spring" that started in Tunisia and in Syria has resulted in the death of approximately 300,000 people. A wave of immigration began in 2011 mainly from Syria to the neighbouring countries such as Turkey and Lebanon. The Syrian migrant movement has caused social, economic and environmental problems in host countries. Turkey is the country most affected by the wave of immigration from Syria. Syrian refugees were unevenly been dispersed and/or distributed to major and border cities in Turkey. The distribution of cities in Syrian refugees in Turkey showed significant spatial heterogenities and differences. Although the ratio of population migrants to Istanbul total population is not very high, it has been the city with the highest migration in numerical terms.

Fatih district in Istanbul is one of the districts with the highest number of Syrian immigrants. Within the scope of social risk mapping research for Fatih district, immigrants - especially Syrian immigrants - have been declared as the main problem by residents, who experience higher dismissal in terms of economic opportunities. In our analysis, it has been determined that the main reason behind the Syrian immigrants being mentioned as problems is “economic reasons”. The rate of declaring Syrians as a problem in the districts of Fatih district is directly proportional to the distribution of the Syrian immigrant population.Turkey has been relatively late in assisting the social and economic integration of Syrian immigrants. This should be urgently provided. In order to end forced immigration, necessary steps should be taken to ensure peace environment in Syria.

Challenges to Urban Housing Policies Implementation Efforts: The Case of Nairobi, Kenya

2022-06-21T11:42:52+00:00

Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya has experienced rapid population growth since the arrival of Kenya-Uganda Railway in 1899. The central location of Nairobi on the railway route between Uganda and Malindi and its subsequent naming as the capital of Kenya in 1907, led to the settlement of the British and the Indian railway construction workers around Nairobi. The arrival of Africans from rural parts of Kenya to Nairobi looking for opportunities further led to population growth in Nairobi. Nairobi city, therefore, has rapidly urbanized with its boundary expanding from 18 km2 to 25 km2 and 688 km2 in 1900, 1920 and 1963 respectively. Population growth has caused the demand for housing to surpass the supply thus causing a housing crisis in the city. The housing demand is particularly a problem for the middle and low-income groups who have a 95% housing deficit. The high-income group, on the other hand, has a surplus of 60%. The housing crisis in Nairobi, therefore, manifests itself in the form of many slums and informal settlements emerging in and around the city. For instance, Kibera in Nairobi is Africa’s biggest slum and one of the world’s biggest. At least 60% of Nairobi residents live in the slum and informal settlements which make up only 5% of the total residential land of Nairobi. This paper examines the formation process of informal settlements in Nairobi before and after independence. This research also seeks to determine the policy and legal efforts put forward to address the housing problem in Nairobi before and after independence. Finally, the research seeks to establish the social, economic and spatial impacts of the intervention measurers applied to address the housing crisis in Nairobi. To understand the historical context of the informal settlements and slums formation in Nairobi, the research relies on secondary materials and historical data like academic journals, post-graduate theses, conference papers, government, and institutional research reports. The research then examines the policy and legal documents containing interventions by the government to address the housing crisis. The research establishes that despite efforts by the government to address the housing problem, housing problems persist with many more slums forming. This is attributed to high-interest rates, lack of citizen participation, the duplicity of policies, lack of land-tenure security among other reasons.

An Analysis of Population Settlement Trend in New Towns: The Case Study of Pardis New Town, Iran

2022-06-21T09:15:37+00:00

Global experiences of new towns show that they have different goals and objectives, such as decentralization of large cities, providing housing, rearrangement of regional growth centers, creation of new patterns for settlement, new investing as well as job creation. One of the most important planning policies in Iran has been the establishment of new towns that initiated in 1985. The policy addressed a wide range of objectives leading to the development of considerable number of new towns. As an example, based on the new towns policy of 1985, four new towns were established in Tehran metropolitan area to meet the growing population of the city, including, Pardis, Hashtgerd, Andisheh and Parand. This paper has focused on one of the key questions regarding the projected population growth and settlement. While the population of many existing cities located nearby areas increased dramatically, the new towns failed to settle their projected population. This research has used several variables to compare the conditions of Pardis new town and its peripheral urban centers. The methodology of this study is “comparative analysis” in which the population growth trend of Pardis New Town, comparing population settlements of its peripheral area. The results show that Pardis New Town has not been successful as much as other settlements located in its peripheral area. Most of existing and informal new settlements located in its peripheral area have faced dramatic population increase during the development of Pardis new town, such as Boomehen city. Several reasons can be raised for the failure of population settlements, including, extensive bureaucracy in the process of land allocation in new towns, lack of infrastructure and public facilities, lack of coordination between various governmental organizations and lack of a clear policy towards employment issue. The new towns policy was mainly designed in isolation from other policies, such as planning at the regional scale and growth centers strategies, neglecting integrated development plans.

Transformation of Landscape in The Historical Process

2022-06-21T09:23:47+00:00

Spaces are always formed by societies according to the social, economic, political and belief values of the time. Like buildings, landscapes also take shape according to different functions and purposes within the scope of these values. With this study, it is aimed to examine the symbolic and functional values of the landscape by evaluating the change of the landscape in the historical process. It has been examined how landscapes are produced periodically in the history of humanity, depending on the social, cultural and economic structure. In the study, verbal and visual data were evaluated in the analysis process by using literature data from primary and secondary sources, and findings were obtained. According to the data obtained from the study, although the landscape exists with the history of humanity, it has evolved from the garden scale designed for private purposes in the first periods of history to the design of urban areas for the whole society / arrangement of public lands. Landscape, with its social, economic and environmental dimensions, has become an indicator of modernity, which is a solution to the problems of every period. It is seen that the landscape, which is an integral part of humanity, will continue to develop and transform within the framework of the interaction in the context of time-space.

Urban Growth of a Mediterranean City from The Fringe-Belt Perspective

2022-06-21T09:33:05+00:00

Urban fringe belts are crucial entities for ecological sustainability as they are frequently the urban heritages, ecological corridors and buffer zones that protect natural areas. Fringe belts are also potential public spaces that usually contain open green areas, institutional areas and industrial heritage sites. The study aims to identify the fringe belt formation and modification process during the urban growth of İzmir, which is a western Mediterranean port and the third metropolitan city of Turkey. Comparative map analysis is the main research methodology of the study by focusing on the historical maps, aerial photos and master plans. In addition, consolidated fringe belts of İzmir are digitized by ArcGIS tool in order to assist in proposals for a common green belt policy within the urban planning and design strategies and the commons literature, which may improve the quality of life and ecological sustainability of the city by protecting the fringe characteristics. Thus, the study suggests that urban fringe belt planning within the green belt policies, green infrastructure and commons management strategies should be necessity to eliminate the capital-promoted alienation and enclosure processes.

The Effect of Urban Growth on Land-Use: A Case Study of Balıkesir

2022-06-21T09:41:04+00:00

Burgess defines the urban growth as "the expansion radially from its central business district by a series of concentric circles", and he mentions that social, economic and geographical conditions are shaping these circular systems. In this context, although different dynamics and models exist between countries and regions, similar parameters are used for the morphological examination of the development of urban space.

In the scope of the research, Balıkesir was examined in detail through the urban growth process, land-use changes in the urban fringe. Differentiating urban pattern and peripheral land-use have been evaluated from the viewpoint of the Conzen. The findings were obtained through a comparative analysis of historical and current city maps, satellite images, archive records.

According to the analysis conducted in Balıkesir, it is seen that the geographical factors such as Çamlık Hill, Çay stream bed and the transpor- tation strategies (railroads and highways) played an active role in shaping the city's macro form. Conzen, while examining the city of Alnwick, mentions urban fringes and peripheral land-uses, which includes functions such as industrial areas, institutions, community services, small houses etc. These kind of areas are thresholds of urban space and make the historical development of the city legible. Although it is not possible for a town like Balıkesir to contain all the morphological phenomena, it is observed that peripheral land-use of the town has changed with urban growth. Especially during the Republican period, the urbanization and industrialization policies implemented and increased the investments in the city, industrial buildings such as Cement and Cotton Weaving Factory and military areas were established in the large areas around the urban periphery. At that time, the urban cemetery in the southeast of the city was transformed into a recreational space. Balıkesir developed around the historic center until the 1950s, after that, new settlement areas were formed, and the city continued to grow in the north and southeast direction with the effect of increasing population. This situation made essential the change of functions in the urban fringe and necessitated the relocation of small-scale industrial buildings and some social services to outskirts of the current city. As a result of the study, land-uses in urban fringe should be seen as essential elements in the structure of city, planning policies should be established with the awareness of urban fringe, and function change decisions should be made through the understanding of quality urban space rather than economic concerns.

The Implementation of Building Information Modelling (Bim) in Turkey

2022-06-16T19:03:23+00:00

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is one of the most important development that has started to be used in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sectors. BIM is also used in life cycle starting from designment, project design, feasibility, planning, energy analysis, const- ruction, facility management to destruction. It is also defined as a process which covers not only three dimensions (3D), providing to superimpose of all project of the construction during modelling phases, but also seven dimensions (7D), being facility management. Despite of these advantages, it is seen that BIM is not commonly used in Turkey. Therefore, the questioning of both the reasons of this problem and the boundaries in Turkey are aimed within the scope of this study. For this reason, the situations and the examples in the countries where BIM is highly used in are analysed by the study. In addition to these, the comparison with the current situation of Turkey’s BIM usage is made. By this way, the positive and negative states of BIM usage were tried to be defined. Also, the lacks of using BIM in Turkey’s building sector are tried to be found. The study is completed with the evaluation of the obtained results. At the end of the study, it is found that there is a limited number of BIM experts and trainings about BIM in Turkey’s building sector. Also, it can be said that there is a direct relationship between the usage of BIM system and the size of the project in Turkey.

Case Study of Generative Facade Design Using Building Information Modelling (Bim) Tools

2022-06-17T04:50:36+00:00

Multi-dimensional and intricate building design processes involve numerous dissimilar meta-design methodologies and complex build development procedures. In today's design approach, Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools are included in the process to understand and control the life cycle of the building. It is essential to take advantage of digital information modeling instrument during the new structure design, implementation, and project management stages. The modeling and processing of all structural elements on the BIM platform are effective for controlling all progressions. Forming virtual models to know and manage all the details of the structure is necessary for the solution of problems that may be encountered in implementation. Also, digital mock-ups guide the designer from the early design stages to the final product because virtual models that include all components of the building make it easy to analyze and study at different levels of detail. In the facade design process, it is possible to step out of traditional methods by using novel digital methods. One of the modern methods is BIM tool and innovative design solutions. The design of the facade systems has taken on a diverse physical character with the effect of developing technology. Because of the different types of facades and their implementation, more than one parameter affects the facade design. Apart from aesthetic concerns, it is one of the main parameters to be compatible with building physics and environmental factors. Necessary analyzes and revisions can be made via BIM environment, which enables physical simulations and real-time calculations. In addition, these parameters can be used to find geometric form factors. If the complex geometry challenges are not solved in this digital platform, they can be solved through specific add-ons. Dynamo, an Autodesk Revit extension, is algorithmic based and works with visual coding logic. Digital fabrication techniques, pre-fabrication methods, and on-site production options force the designer to choose at a certain stage. In this study, it has been tried to develop a facade model serving multiple design thinking by using BIM program and generative design methods for Izmir Basmane location. In the studied example, the role of BIM in facade design is discussed with its advantages and disadvantages. The flexibility of digital models is examined, except for the parameters that help form the facade form. Moreover, compulsory processes for modeling complex geometries are scrutinized in this study.

Sustainability Assessment of Nanotechnological Building Materials

2022-06-17T05:01:56+00:00

Increase of natural resource consumption and environmental pollution due to population growth and industrial expansion causes considerable damage to the ecosystem. With the ecological crisis experienced in the 1970s, alternative ecological discourses have been expressed, measures have been taken to reduce the use of resources, and new technologies have been developed accordingly. Research has revealed that most of the natural resources are consumed in the construction sector. Therefore, sustainable technologies have started to be used and gain importance in this sector.

The term ‘Nanotechnology’ means the engineering of matter at the atomic molecular level and reveals its new properties. Research on nanotech- nology has increased worldwide. However, the most important paradox encountered in the developmental stages of this technology is whether nanotechnological materials (nanomaterials) are harmful to nature during production, use and post-use stages.

In this study, it was aimed to

contribute to improving the environmental aspects of nanomaterials with the findings of this study
guide architects and other decision-makers in selecting nanomaterials considering sustainability

In this context, an assessment was made to determine the environmental advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterials used in the construction sector. In line with these purposes, nanomaterials were classified, and the types of these materials used in the building sector were investigated based on literature in the first part of the study. The environmental impacts of nanomaterials were evaluated in the context of energy, raw material, and water efficiency through the literature in the second part. The environmental advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterials used in the building sector were determined.

As a result of the study; reducing the consumption level of raw materials, production of durable materials, increasing energy efficiency and consequently reducing CO2 emissions, low pollutant emitting materials, the feasibility of reuse of wastes are the environmental advantages of these materials, while the increasing environmental toxicity (air, water, soil and sediment) are the disadvantages of these materials, although scientific uncertainties still exist.

Geospatial Technology and Innovation Enablement for Physical Planning

2022-06-16T18:23:41+00:00

The needs of geospatial technology and Innovation are crucially recently, especially in managing urban planning issues. The challenges of urban and rural development become more increased, and the need a big data analysis are vital, to ensure wise and correct decision can be made for the sustainability. This paper purposely to review the robustness of the development and challenges on the geospatial technologies and innovation enablement for continuous planning, monitoring handling urban planning issues. The ultimate finding shows that the scientific world has made commendable progress by providing geospatial data at various spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolutions enabling usage of the data for various urban applications. Finally, conclude that enablement progress is the best promising for future sustainability and resiliency.

Heritage Interpretation for A Deep Knowledge of Cultural and Natural Heritage

2022-06-17T05:10:59+00:00

Born in the context of the dissemination of environmental heritage, Heritage Interpretation (HI) was subsequently extended to include cultural heritage and has been widely disseminated and internationally recognized. The contribution aims to briefly show the reasons, the history, the principles and methods of the discipline, by highlighting the most recent developments at international level and by showcasing applications carried out in Italy and abroad.

Deciphering the Concept of Avant-Garde (In Art and Architecture)

2022-06-18T15:53:17+00:00

This study is an attempt to draw a conceptual framework, constructed through the etymological elaboration of avant-garde. It is not only an attempt to unfold a map for understanding this concept in art and archi- tecture, but also to open out ‘a general space of knowledge’ on architectural avant-garde that can also open a space for different possible interpretations. Grounded on the existing knowledge derived from architectural theory, history and criticism, this study deciphers and conceptualizes avant-garde to accommodate novel perspectives in art and architecture. Based on deciphering and destructing a concept, the methodology in this study merely introduces archaeology of avant-garde as a word.

Resilience, Sustainability and Quality

2022-06-20T05:40:46+00:00

The Morphology of The Agrarian Town: Marisa Rural Urban Linkage That Change the Rural Life to The Urban Agriculture Life

2022-06-21T08:43:43+00:00

Urban rural theory has been born with characters Mc Douglass and Terry Mc Gee, who are part of the new paradigm regional development for developing countries.(the New Paradigm of Regional Development, United Nation of Centre of Regional Development,2001).

However, many research activities are carried out in high urbanization areas. Even Terry Mc Gee saw urban villages in the context of a metropolitan city in his research in Jakarta (1991).

In our research, we want to look at a region that is far from urbanization, a small city on the island of North Sulawesi, one of the Republic of Indonesia's big islands, outside Java, where the national capital is located.

In a very rural area of a provincial town where cities cluster, the town of Marisa grew from a village center to eventually become the capital of a district, the city has corn, coconut and fish products which are an economic powerhouse (LQ di atas 1).

In the development of the city, the city's morphological structure, both the land use pattern and the distribution of buildings, can conserve agricultural areas. And here is the secret why Marisa remains a city that can continue to develop its agricultural potential as a basic economic factor for the city. The base economy exports these agricultural products to various big cities and even abroad. From the results of these exports, life develops with happy facilities. Trade and service activities grow, making Marisa a City and an agricultural city that maintains the city's sustainability.

Export activities are formed with the existence of national transportation facilities in roads and ports because Marisa city is a coastal city.

Two types of morphology keep agriculture conserved. The potential is very valuable so that the spatial model must be preserved in the city master plan and become a model for agricultural, urban spatial planning. As for the part of the city that offers separate urban development with both morphological typologies,

So an urban-rural linaculty of Ekage phenomenon occurs on a truly remote regional scale, so it does not occur like Java Island with metropolitan cities to small cities and continuous urban, rural areas.

This has become a model for developing areas outside Java with a small population area, during which President Joko Widodo was developing various infrastructure and investments in domestic and foreign areas outside Java, particularly in eastern Indonesia.

Architects in The Age of Pandemic and Power

2022-06-21T10:31:20+00:00

A Research on The Urban Commons and Commoning Practices In İzmir

2022-06-21T19:28:55+00:00

Today, all over the world, the struggles of the communities which protest the commodification of the common life sources and urban spaces have become more visible in the urban stage. These struggles of the urban users aim to organize alternative channels to criticize the existing production and re-production processes of the common sources. They bring into together different approaches from various disciplines such as architecture, planning, economy, sociology, etc. This situation provides us a chance to explore new forms of relationalities between different approaches and practices from different disciplines. In this regard, it becomes necessary to evaluate all these applications in a more general framework. Within the scope of this study, these efforts of urban actors to seek and discover what is called "common" are considered within the commoning discussions. It is believed that this kind of approach to such practices can have a more holistic and alternative ways of understanding while examining them. In line with all these concerns, this study conducts a case study that examines the commoning practices that question the production and reproduction process of the common space in İzmir. In this regard, Kapılar as an open and free common space has been chosen as a case. This common space and the spatial practices which are performed here are evaluated within the framework of commons/commoning concepts. It is believed that this framework is important for thinking about the relationship between space and politics. With this case study, following critical questions are tried to be questioned, such as; how commoning practices can find a response in concrete physical space, how they operate within the potentials and limits of the city of Izmir and finally what kind of conditions make this particular common space possible. In order to achieve that, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with the participants of these practices. The voice record taken in these interviews has been converted into a written transcript. This written transcript has been analysed with the context analysis method. And finally, with the evaluation of the results of this context analysis, the mentioned practices of common space and the practical structure of these commoning practices have been tried to be deciphered.

Integration of Newcomers to Ayvalık (Turkey) Via Social Integration Centers

2022-06-21T19:38:45+00:00

“Refugee” is usually defined as a person who seeks shelter due to reasons of war, conflict, assimilation, femine, natural disasters and so forth. However, in a much more humanistic approach, we should perhaps start with Hannah Arendt’s words, “In the first place, we don’t like to be called refugees. We ourselves call each other newcomers or immigrants.” Immigration basically defines a shift in place and it is an instinctive act for human-beings; therefore, rather than being a “problem”, it actually is a solution to the problems which makes it hard or impossible to live in a certain place. Within this point of view, the aim of the research study focuses on the question of how the experiences of place and space affect the relationship between newcomers and their location. The paper focuses on the place- making experiences of newcomers, through the perception of space and its effect on individuals. Results of the research indicate that the experience of place is a vital aspect for achieving integration between newcomers and locals. Integration and adaptation are actualized when the opportunity arises for newcomers and locals to meet and cooperate with each other, both physically and socially. The dynamics of social integration is standing on two pillars which are social entrepreneurship and common acts between locals and newcomers; and through the experiences’ of place-making, it becomes possible to create and maintain a physical integration. This research paper introduces three graduation projects, known as Integration Centers, from X University, 2019 Spring semester. The projects were designed by students for social integration of Syrian people through the social entrepreneurship idea. Students created different design proposals which offer public, semi-public and private space for newcomers to encounter locals and places, and to be able to understand the relationship between individuals and place, and its effects on their integration.

Capacity Building, Heritage and Community Participation: Examining the Gap Between Global Approaches and Local Needs

2022-06-21T19:48:19+00:00

Capacity building is becoming an increasingly popular agenda in heritage studies with regards to good governance, decision making and developing strategies for a sustainable future. These strategies aim to enhance the current situation in World Heritage properties, and in many significant heritage sites, within the scope of various key themes including disaster risk reduction, sustainable tourism, heritage management, involvement of communities, legal and administrative frameworks and raising awareness.

On the other hand, these themes and general perspectives seem to remain slightly vague and inadequate in terms of site-specific practices, actors and managerial processes. The idea of empowering locally related communities and capacity building for autonomous decision making, for instance, is still a largely uncharted territory in heritage and management scene. Since some of the advised protocols for target audiences and areas fail to find a local response in existing dynamics of heritage sites, the gap between global approaches and local capacity needs requires further examination.

These contemporary practices demand systematic results that can be transformed into methodological agendas to support sustainable heritage management and positive social transformation. Within the scope of this paper, main methodologies proposed by institutions and organizations will be examined and alternative perspectives will be investigated. It is also aimed to discuss the possibility of a locally oriented capacity building approach for community participation that may contribute to the overcoming of the practical inefficacy of global discourse.

Resilience and Neoliberal Governmentality of Unknowns

2022-06-16T17:24:02+00:00

We live in challenging times with a heightened level of uncertainty and constant reminders of the unpredictability of what might be lurking around the corner, be it catastrophic climate events, terrorist attacks, financial crisis or global pandemic. Among the prescribed remedies for dealing with such a state of flux, the one that has gained significant currency is ‘resilience’. Yet, it is not quite clear what resilience means beyond the simple assumption that it is good to be resilient. Despite a lack of clarity, its
use in policy and practice has increased substantially in the last decade. Resilience is everywhere and is in danger of becoming an empty buzzword because of its overuse and ambiguity. In this talk, I draw on my previous work (listed below) to: shed some light on this slippery concept, unpack its fundamentally distinct meanings; outline some of the political and normative implications of translating it from its ecological origin to social domains; and, critique the ways in which resilience has been co-opted into
neoliberal strategies.

From Regional Development to Growth of Economic Clusters and Nodes: Policies and Strategies

2022-06-16T17:35:24+00:00

Housing in A Contemporary City: Liberal Economy Versus Sustainability

2022-06-16T17:50:30+00:00

Housing development is a predominant component of urban fabric in cities. Its quality is defining standard of living in terms of inhabitation, work and leisure. High demand for new homes and high costs of housing property purchase in most of European countries stimulate rapid development of new settlements.

The aim of the paper is to identify and characterise selected housing market factors that influence contemporary urban development of cities in Poland. After 1990, when the economic transformation in Poland started, it has strongly influenced the shape and spatial circumstances in Polish cities. The liberal economy in the period of transition did not result in many social housing projects. The role of the state investor, who has been building the major part of housing estates before 90. was taken over by developers who build houses and housing estates for sale or rent. This is a typical feature of the Polish housing architecture in the discussed period.

On the opposite pole to the phenomena mentioned above various concepts of sustainable, high quality city have been elaborated. A sustainable city provides their residents a good quality of living: satisfactory social links within the neighbourhood and easy access to work and all kinds of services accessible by public transportation. Location criteria for new subdivisions protect valuable areas and respect local climate phenomena. Building technologies implemented enable saving of energy and other recourses and also improve the microclimate of the neighbourhood.

It may be assumed that the attempts to make cities more sustainable depend mainly on housing market factors as land supply for developers, prices of homes and residential preferences. Nevertheless, these factors often force development projects contradictory to the rules of sustainability. The conclusion of the paper therefore will attempt to formulate the diagnosis of the relationship between housing market and requirements of sustainable development of cities.

The Transit Metropolis Revisited

2022-06-16T18:04:08+00:00

In The Transit Metropolis, written in 1998, I identified two ways which transit services and urban development patterns have been integrated globally: by adapting cities to transit and by matching transit services to urbanization patterns. This chapter revisits the transit metropolis models in light of powerful and unfolding megatrends – aging societies, shifting demographics, changing employment structures as well as changing lifestyles (e.g., collaborative consumption), public policy agendas (e.g., decarbonizing cities) and technological advances like autonomous mobility. Collectively, such forces buttress arguments for adaptive cities that are resourceful and efficient as well as adaptive transit that offers a more diverse, often atomized set of mobility choices. It is argued that both models of sustainable mobility and urbanism can, and indeed should, co-exist in any metropolitan context. International case experiences are highlighted in this regard.

The Rural: In an Era of Mobilities And in Localised Viral Moments

2022-06-16T18:11:25+00:00

Numerous academics have argued that we now live in an era where a multiple sense of mobility has displaced a more fixed sedentarist everyday existence. Whilst expressed daily in news stories of international migrants and the contested politics of their migrations, mobilities extend far beyond human migration. It is a state, moreover, closely allied to the more generally and widely noted process of globalisation. This talk will address the question of where ‘the rural’ fits within this era of global mobilities combination. On the one hand, consolidating its position within ‘modernising’ discourses, the rural may seem to be an increasingly
anachronistic category, out of date and out of step with the 21st Century. It is a spatial term to be discarded. Yet, on the other hand, the rural may be seen as reinvigorated and of considerable contemporary relevance to the demands placed on people by the global mobilities condition. This reading will be illustrated with reference to counterurban migration and rural leisure, where aspects of place, home, relaxation and nature will be drawn out. Attention will then turn to a perceived very recent realisation of the importance of the rural when the dominant global mobilities era is temporarily disrupted and even stopped. A Lefebvrian ‘moment’ of suddenly localised life, experienced from the Covid-19 threat, is argued to have thrust the rural into a desired existential foreground once again.
Overall, the talk will propose the rural to be a fecund source of 21st Century identity and even as still a radical socio-cultural force.

Abstract Space and Modern Architecture: Adana and Ankara Power Plants

2022-06-21T09:47:44+00:00

According to Lefebvre's statement that “Space is a social product”, production relations have an important role in space production. The transition from one production method to another is highly significant; because, this is the effect on the social production relations that can be involved in the space. Since each production method has its own space, a new space is produced during this transition. Based on this, Lefebvre proposes an important periodization of space. This periodization was created by taking into consideration the general production methods and the history and institutions of the societies in which these production methods prevailed. In the periodization, six spaces, “absolute space”, “consecrated space”, “historical space”, “abstract space”, “contradictory space”, and “differential space” are mentioned. Abstract space, which includes the electric power plants built in between 1910-1932 in Turkey and which covered by this study is defined as a modern space with straight lines and geometric perspective.

After the first power plant was established in Turkey in 1910, fifty-two more built in Turkey until 1932. When the architectural features of these factories are examined, the number of those built in the modern style of Lefebvre's abstract space concept is quite limited. It’s seen that there is a search for style in the power plants that go between national style and modern architecture and this shows that the traces of the style search of the period are felt in the industrial buildings. However, especially in power plants established by foreign companies, there are those which were built in modern construction methods and materials and modern architecture. Among these, the power plants in Ankara and Adana established by German E.L.G company stand out. Both of them built in reinforced concrete beams, with modern construction methods and modern architectural style

according to the conditions of the period. Ankara Power Plant has a square plan type in contrast to the common rectangular plan typology. The absence of a narrow edge of the structure has led to the need for a larger opening in the roof and therefore, the steel roof truss system of the structure stands out. The modern mass and facade of Adana Power Plant distinguish the structure from other power plants of the period.

In this study, it’s aimed to highlight the importance of Adana and Ankara Power Plants, which were built in a modern style, in comparison with the other power plants in Turkey established in between 1910-1932 by investigating the architectural features over the abstract space defined by Lefebvre.

An Evaluation of The Symbolic Meaning of Tile Usage in The City of Kütahya

2022-06-21T09:54:54+00:00

Urban space is always in motion, where vital activities take place, and economic, cultural, and social organization locate. Apart from all these organizations, it becomes essential to approach the city through the concepts of ‘urban image’ and ‘urban identity’. Both ideas consist of a set of norms covering natural-social life and all kind of cultural activities and products. In order to fulfill these activities, settlement components are in need for creation by local authorities that have the symbolic meaning related to the locality, compatible with the city. By meeting this need, cities become dynamic, attractive, livable for citizens and different compared to their counterparts.

Urban space is generally shaped around concrete or abstract values that create symbolic meaning for the city, inspired by urban memory, significant for the city and the citizens, and it forms the urban image. Urban space plays an important role not only for the usage of the people living in public spaces but also in terms of the identity they bring to the city. These urban components, which enable people for both individual use and interacting with each other in public spaces, might have both positive and negative impacts on the urban image and the identity of the city.

The research method of this study is determined as visual evaluations based on the data obtained through on-site observation of the selected case. A literature review is made using the scanning model. The observations were made by using photography as a method of recording data. Within the scope of this study, the city of Kütahya is discussed based on the usage of tiles that have been noted as the city’s brand and become the focus of its urban identity. The main aim for this study is to draw a critical evaluation of the usage of tiles in terms of symbolic meaning through these settlement components in Kütahya.

Re-Functioning the Italian Embassy Building in Macka

2022-06-21T10:08:03+00:00

Giving the use of various state institutions under the new needs of old buildings is a common approach to present-day Turkey from the Ottoman Empire. Allocations are generally made across the country in line with the need for building and use.

Istanbul is a place where allocations are more common, probably due to building stock and usage density. Particularly most of the large programmed buildings have been allocated and re-functionalized.

The Italian Embassy is one of these buildings. The building was designed as the Italian embassy, but construction was not completed and could not be used for this function. The purpose of this paper is to examine the allocation process of the structure, to determine the applications and the authenticity of the structure. For this purpose, researches have been carried out with the permission of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in the archives of Regional Council for the Conservation of Cultural Property Istanbul II. In addition, document research was carried out at the T.C. Presidential Republic Archive.

In 1938, as stated in the article 2/9363 of the T.C. Directorate of Judicial Decisions, while the building was under construction the Republic of Turkey was agreed with the Italian Government and 150.000 TL was purchased in two installments and the building was transferred to the Real Estate Agency. President Kemal Atatürk's signature is in the official letter (30-18-1- 2 / 84-71-2, The Presidency State Archives of the Republic of Turkey).

In a document in 1942, it was reported that the building was sold to Milli Reasurans by the Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Head of Istanbul Provincial Administration Committee (490-1-0-0 / 1721-995-2, The Presidency State Archives of the Republic of Turkey). In this process, the announcement of the sale of the structure appeared in the newspapers with the title “Land for Sale in Macka” (Tasviri Efkar Newspaper, September 22, 1942).

During this process, on September 25, 1942, Istanbul Governor and Mayor Dr. Lütfü Kırdar asked the Ministry of Finance to transfer the building to a conservatory or a city club (30-10-00-00 / 81-535-8, The Presidency State Archives of the Republic of Turkey).

After all the allocation processes, today, the structure is re-functioned for educational usage as Macka Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School.

Within the scope of this research, it is aimed to determine the allocation phases of the building, the transformations of it after the re-functionalization processes and to evaluate these determinations in terms of conservation theories.

Interior Design of Mosques and Madrasas Belonging to Seljuk And Ottoman Civilizations in Konya

2022-06-21T10:17:58+00:00

The city of Konya, with its geographical location, its historical and cultural wealth, has always maintained its status as an important settlement. Also, Konya was the capital of the Seljuks, and important architectural works were created during this period. Konya became a magnificent city in terms of scientific, cultural, artistic and administrative aspects during the Seljuk period, and the settlement texture and silhouette of the city was shaped during this period. The problem of conservation arises in historical buildings that are trying to adapt to contemporary life depending on the needs of today. In particular, it is observed that the historical buildings that appear to be protected within the scope of the facade have lost valuable interior features due to the applications that lead to the loss of value in the context of the interior space. The aim of the study is to emphasize the importance of preserving and using the interior space as a result of the analyses carried out in the selected mosques and madrasas. In this study, interior analyses of mosques and madrasas belonging to the Seljuk and Ottoman civilizations identified in Konya were documented with drawings and photographs. The door and window features, wall, ceiling and floor finish materials, adornment and ornaments used in the interior, stair type, mihrab and pulpit elements of the mosques and madrasas selected in the context of interior design were examined.